Respirations and Excretion Examination Questions
RESPIRATION
1. Functions of the nose.
2. The larynx contains what main structure?
3. What keeps the lung tubes from collapsing?
4. What is the purpose of the mucociliary escalator?
5. What three cells make up the wall of the alveoli?
6. What is the function of surfactant?
7. Where does the above substance come from?
8. Why are pre-mature babies given surfactant?
9. What is the function of the “dust” cells or phagocytes?
10. Which blood vessels take oxygen to the alveolar cells?
11. What blood vessel takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
12. What part of the hemoglobin molecule does oxygen attach?
13. What part of the hemoglobin molecule does carbon dioxide attach?
14. Where does CO attach?
15. What is tidal volume breathing?
16. Know three homeostatic mechanisms that cause more oxygen to be released from the Iron of hemoglobin.
17. Why is CO lethal?
18. Know the three ways CO2 is carried in the blood.
19. Know that both CO2 and O2 can only diffuse from a high partial pressure to a low partial pressure.
20. What is tidal volume?
21. What are the conditions within the lung for expiration to occur?
22. What are the conditions within the lung for inspiration to occur?
23. What gas law explains how we inspire air from the atomosphere?
24. During the transport of CO2, HCO3- leaves the RBC and Cl- enters the RBC. What is this swap called?
25. What structure of the lung is the site for the exchange of gases?
26. If the pressure inside of the lungs exceeds 760 mmHg, what will occur to the air in the lung?
27. Of the three ways CO2 is transported, which by far transports the largest amount of CO2 back to the
lungs?
28. The respiratory center is located in what specific part of the body?
EXCRETION QUESTIONS:
29. Be able to trace blood into and out of the kidney.
30. Be able to trace glucose into the kidney and show what happens to it.
31. What function do the afferent and efferent arterioles have in the kidney?
32. What is the renal corpuscle?
33. If given the glomerular capsule pressure, glomerular osmotic pressure, and the blood pressure, be able
to calculate the Effective Filtration Pressure (Net Filtration Pressure). 34. In what section of the tubular portion of the nephron do you find microvilli or brush borders?
35. Be able to trace urine out of the body beginning in the collecting duct or tubule.
36. Know the function of the Loop of Henle – and how this affects water balance.
37. What is the only substance studied that is 100% reabsorbed by the kidney?
38. If given the concentration of a particular substance in the plasma and urine, as well as the urine vol./min, be able to calculate the GFR (glomerular filtration rate).
39. Each glomerulus only filters what percent of the total blood entering it?
40. Know the three functions of a vertebrate kidney.
41. What are the two ways a vertebrate kidney uses to CLEAR a substance from the blood.
42. 80% of the water of the filtered plasma is immediately reabsorbed. Where along the nephron tubule does this occur?
42a. Of the three methods the kidney uses to carry out its functions, which is used to handle any glucose that enters the tubule?
43. Why does water leave the collecting tubule in the area that connects to the distal tubule?
44. What is the function of the glomerular capsule?
45. Where are the peritubular capillaries found and what is their function?
46. Where along the tube are microvilli found?
47. What is the approximate partial pressure of CO2 within the alveoli?
48. What is the approximate partial pressure of O2 within the alveoli?
49. Where is carbonic anhydrase found and what is its function?
50. Where would oxygen be in highest concentration: pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, vena cava, tissue cell.
RESPIRATION
1. keep air moist, warm and clean
2. vocal cords
3. cartilage
4. move particles of dirt, dust, etc out of the lungs to be swallowed.
5. dust cell, alveolar squamous, surfactant (Septal) cell
6. breaks up surface tension of the water lining the alveoli
7. Septal cell
8. Many are born before the Septal cells are functional
9. clean the alveoli of unwanted material
10. bronchial arteries
11. pulmonary arteries
12. heme (iron)
13. globin
14. to the heme (same site as oxygen)
15. normal, quiet breathing (as in sleeping)
16. increase in temp; decrease in pH; presence of DPG
17. fits on the iron of hemoglobin and won’t come off; thus oxygen has no place to attach
18. dissolved in plasma; attached to hemoglobin; bicarbonate ion
19. “know” statement
20. amount of air taken in during a normal, quiet inspiration
21. pressure must be higher in lungs than atmospheric pressure
22. pressure must be lower than 760 mmHg within the lungs
23. Boyle’s Law
24. Chloride shift
25. alveoli wall
26. leave the lung
27. bicarbonate ion
28. medulla
EXCRETION
29. refer to drawing in text
30. glucose filters at the glomerulus, enters glomerular capsule, proximal tubule, peritubular
capillaries, and then out of the kidney in veins.
31. take blood into and out of the glomerulus; also responsible for increasing pressure.
32. glomerulus and glomerular capsule
33. refer to the textbook to review how to calculate this.
34. proximal tubule
35. c. tubule, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
36. concentrates salt in the medulla via the countercurrent multiplier
37. glucose
38. “know” statement
39. 20%
40. clear nitrogenous wastes from the blood; regulate water balance; regulate blood pH
41. filtration and secretion
42. proximal tubule
42a. reabsorption
43. ADH opens water pores, and the salt content of the medulla causes the water to
osmose out of the tube.
44. catch the blood filtrate
45. wind around the nephron tubule and participate in reabsorption and secretion
46. same as # 34
47. 40 mmHg
48. 105 mmHg
49. inside the RBC; combines water and CO2 to form carbonic acid
50. pulmonary vein (it is returning from the lungs to the l. atrium with oxygenated blood).
